Ajuga / əˈdʒuːɡə /, also known as bugleweed, ground pine, carpet bugle, or just bugle, is a genus of 40 species annual and perennial herbaceous flowering plants in the Ajugeae tribe of the mint family Lamiaceae, with most species native to Europe, Asia, and Africa, but also two species in southeastern Australia. It is used orally and locally to stop bleeding. Definition of አርማጉሳ is Ajuga remota. Translation of አርማጉሳ in English. 2007). Other compounds showing exceptional activity were ajugapitin (184) from Ajuga chamaepitys (Labiatae) and 4,15-dihydroajugapitin from Ajuga pseudoiva, both of which were active at 0.3 ppm against S. littoralis.339 Clerodin and dihydroclerodin are both active at 50 ppm against S. littoralis. Three other isolated diterpenes 16-oxocleroda-3, 13(14)E-dien-15-oic acid (41), (4 → 2)-abeo-16(R/S)-2,13Z-kolavadien-15,16-olide-3-al (42) and 3β, 16α-dihydroxycleroda-4(18), 13(14)Z-dien-15, 16-olide (43) when tested in the same HFD fed hamster model, did not show promising results. Larval susceptibility of Ajuga remota against anopheline and culicine mosquitos. : From ethnopharmacology to phytomedical perspective in the treatment of malaria, Israili and Lyoussi 2009; Ramazanov 2005; Rharrabe et al. Selected Bioactive Monoterpenes from African Medicinal Plants, Susan G. Wynn, Barbara J. Fougère, in Veterinary Herbal Medicine, 2007. Select a category... Ajuga Trustees Checklist Internet Governing Board Crowns Knowledge Bases Soil Fungi Water Supply Plant Leaves Nurseries Schools, Nursery Harmful Algal Bloom Flowers Nurseries, Hospital Cacao Dictionaries, Medical Dictionaries as Topic Dictionaries, Chemical Dictionary Terminology as Topic Dictionaries, Pharmaceutic Potentilla … Dalechamps and Bauhin state Musa's recommendation of the herb in warm water as beneficial to those sighing and breathing with difficulty; while the leaves in honey help consumptives, especially those who cough up purulent matter. crenata (Hochst. Additionally, terpenes from medicinal plants have the competency, within what could be termed a “protective window dose”, to protect neurons against β-amyloid peptide, glutamate, NO, oxygen and glucose deprivation and other toxic stimuli by hindering apoptosis by targeting numerous kinases, boosting the clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protecting the mitochondrial intergrity as described in this chapter. There are 40 to 45 species found throughout almost the whole world. Human translations with examples: ajuga, bugle, ajugas, bugles, ajuga l, ajuga reptans. K. Cocquyt, ... G. Laekeman, in Phytomedicine, 2011. In a streptozotocin animal model, A. nipponensis had the best effect, decreasing postprandial blood glucose concentrations and inhibiting α-glucosidase and glucose uptake (Hsieh et al., 2014). Gerard recommends it for worms. Ajuga remota var. ex Vatke : Synonym(s) Heterotypic =Ajuga remota Benth. canescens Benth. are either Algerian or Moroccan studies, with one Tunisian study. More recently, Muller et al. The expressed juice of the leaves or the pounded leaves macerated in water eases pains in the ears if inserted lukewarm after being mixed with rose-oil. (2000) reported the synthesis of enantiomer of clerodane diterpene via a furan photosensitized oxygenation reaction of (+)-hardwickiic acid [245]. አርማጉሳ - ትርጉም Again these uses are variously transmitted down the centuries, until the external applications disappear by the 18th century. Studies show decreased bleeding times in an animal model and possible effects on blood platelets (Ogle, 1977; Ogle, 1976). Cultivars of this species feature leaves with more interesting and varied foliage color. The insect antifeedant property of clerodane diterpenes is the most extensively studied bioactivity of these compounds.59 Scutellaria and Ajuga genera (Lamiaceae) produce some of the most potent clerodane antifeedants. They are perennial or annual herbs with opposite leaves. Betony, along with white horehound Marrubium vulgare, showed itself the strongest of the plants tested in inhibiting lipid oxidation. It is an herbaceous flowering plant, in the mint family, native to Europe. The hypoglycemic effect of the aerial part of Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. The volatile oils of eight species of Stachys growing in Greece were tested against six bacteria and five fungi, and Stachys scardica was the most effective, but, as in many studies, no oil inhibited growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Skaltsa et al 2003). In vitro pharmacological studies have been conducted on constituents of A. remota of which some of them displayed a concentration-dependent inhibition of chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium falciparum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The antidiabetic activity was studied by (El-Hilaly and Lyoussi, 2002; El-hilaly et al., 2007; Hamden et al., 2008), who confirm the hypoglycemic effect in streptozotocin and alloxan induced diabetic rats, supporting its traditional use in the treatment of diabetes. The biological activity of clerodanes from a range of species of Baccharis (Compositae), Teucrium (Labiatae), and Salvia (Labiatae) has been examined but without finding any exceptionally active compounds.345, In a systematic search of the Labiatae using feeding bioassays on S. littoralis and S. frugiperda, of 24 species of Teucrium (out of 100 known species), 25% showed activity against S. littoralis, and all nine species of Ajuga were active. The Ajuga genus is unique for the great variety of phytoecdysteroids, with a broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological actions. Most of the tests are with Spodoptera species. Ryanodane diterpenes are compounds that are structurally related to the known insecticide ryanodine (see Section3.09.2.10). This proprietary Chinese formula is said to be composed of Panax notoginseng, San Yu Cao (Ajuga patantha), Dioscorea opposita, Chuan Shan Long (Dioscorea nipponica), Lao Guan Cao (Erodium stephanianum), Alpinia officinarum, Bai Niu Dan, and Dryobalanops aromatica (or Blumea balsamifera) (package label, 2005). Suriya P. Singh, Koneni V. Sashidhara, in European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2017. Michel Kenne Tchimene, ... Victor Kuete, in Medicinal Plant Research in Africa, 2013. The same ratio of activities held at lower concentrations. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. These same authors cite another use from Musa, of a decoction of the roots and powdered herb applied externally to a painful, gouty joint. Eighty-three patients with chronic cholecystitis and cholangitis received stachyglen (total flavonoids from the herb Stachys neglecta) for 3–4 weeks and it was found that stachyglen exerts a choleretic effect (Peleshchuk et al 1974). Mixed with sheep fat to form an ointment, the herb heals carbuncles. For this condition, Menzies-Trull wants it prescribed with skullcap Scutellaria lateriflora and black cohosh Cimicifuga racemosa. Phytochemical characterization could also serve as a base for the development of new chemical compounds. The antioxidant effect has been proven only by Algerian pharmacological studies (Bouderbala et al., 2008, 2010; Chenni et al., 2007; Taleb-Senouci et al., 2009). They were obtained from the leaves of Ajuga remota (Labiatae), with ajugarin I in 0.05% yield. Antonyms for ajugas. Only the cardiovascular system is not mentioned, but this could be related to the lack of understanding of diseases of the heart and circulation before the mid 18th century. Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. The comparative antifeedant effects of several nonalkaloidal and alkaloidal ryanoids supported the hypothesis of a ryanodol-specific mode of action in insects.64,67 The insect-selective insecticidal and antifeedant effects of ryanodanes hold a promising future for their use as biopesticides. It treats the organs of special sense and has had a limited use in problems of the nervous system, before becoming a special cephalic remedy for a variety of nervous problems. canescens (Benth.) ajuga. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. In Morocco and Algeria, this plant is used in traditional medicine against several diseases especially diabetes (Bellakhdar et al., 1991; Ziyyat et al., 1997; Merzouki et al., 2000; Jouad et al., 2001; El-Hilaly et al., 2003; Tahraoui et al., 2007; Allali et al., 2008; Kemassi et al., 2014; Telli et al., 2016; Youbi et al., 2016; Barkaoui et al., 2017). ex Vatke =Ajuga bracteosa var. Not particularly tolerant of foot traffic. The toxicological effects of A. iva were scarcely explored. These indications are once again passed down in full or in part through the Renaissance writers as far as Culpeper before disappearing. (1830) =Ajuga bracteosa var. 1: 59 1830. canescens Benth. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Additionally, it ameliorated obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, weight gain and other lipid parameters in obese C57BL/6 mice [240]. Several ryanodane diterpenes, including ryanodol, cinnzeylanol, cinnzeylanone, and cinnzeylanine, have been isolated from the Macaronesian paleoendemism Persea indica (Lauraceae).64,65 Ryanodol and didehydroryanodol, in contrast to ryanodine and didehydroryanodine, have low toxicity to mice and limited activity at the mammalian ryanodine receptor but are potent knockdown agents for injected houseflies or cockroaches, suggesting a possible difference in the target sites of mammals and insects.66 The antifeedant activity of these compounds has been evaluated, showing the importance of the 11-hemiketal group for the antifeedant effects of ryanodane diterpenes. The docking analysis revealed that Ergosterol 5,8 endoperoxide derived from Ajuga remota, have the best binding interaction with protein targets compared with other ingredients and standard drugs. Hagiwara et al. What does exist usually features other species of betony. How to say Ajuga reptans in English? Further molecular docking studies using FlexX program demonstrated that it docked well into the same pocket that accommodates statin inhibitors. It is also used in Morocco to treat other illnesses such as rheumatic pains, hypertension, cardiovascular disorders, ocular infection, rheumatism, allergy, cancer, renal diseases, and digestive disorders (El Rhaffari and Zaid, 2002; El Amrani et al., 2010; Ghourri et al., 2013; Benkhnigue et al., 2014; Jamila and Mostafa, 2014; Hachi et al., 2015; Orch et al., 2015; Slimani et al., 2016; Youbi et al., 2016; Bouyahya et al., 2017). Christophe Wiart PharmD, PhD, ACS, in Lead Compounds from Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases, 2014. These metabolites have attracted considerable attention for their biological activity, which includes piscicidal, trypanocidal, and antibacterial properties. (1830) =*Ajuga crenata (Hochst. Inhibition of parasitaemia was demonstrated in mouse models with P. berghei, supporting the traditional use of the plant against malaria. (Labiatae) two compounds, jodrellins A (185) (0.005% of dry weight of plant) and B (186) (0.023% by weight, also in S. galericulata), which are the most active clerodane antifeedants isolated so far.340 The extra C-2 to C-19 oxygen link seems to increase the antifeedant activity of the jodrellins relative to clerodin. (2.4). This name is a synonym of Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham.. When in full flower, large clumps of bugleweed can produce a striking display. (1E,3R*,4S*,5E,7Z)-1-bromo-3,4,8-trichloro-7-(dichloromethyl)-3-methylocta-1,5,7-triene, (1E,3R*,4S*,5E,7Z)-1-bromo-3,4,8-trichloro-7-(dichloromethyl)-3-methylocta-1,5,7-triene, (1E,3R*,4R*,5E,7Z)-1-bromo-3,4,8-trichloro-7-(dichloromethyl)-3-methylocta-1,5,7-triene, (3R*,4S*,5E,7Z)-3,4,8-trichloro-7-(dichloromethyl)-3-methylocta-1,5,7-triene, (1E,3R*,4R*,5E,7Z)-1,8-dibromo-3,4-dichloro-3,7-dimethylocta-1,5,7-triene, and (3R*,4S*)-3,4,6,7-tetrachloro-3,7-dimethylocten-1-ene showed greater cytotoxicity (IC50 of 6.6–9.9 µM) than the known cancer drug cisplatin (IC50 of 13 µM) in the cancer cell line [78]. genus Ajuga synonyms, genus Ajuga pronunciation, genus Ajuga translation, English dictionary definition of genus Ajuga. In the search for new antimalarial drugs, ethnopharmacological sources should merit more attention. It presents gardeners with a tough decision in plant selection. Steud. Table 4. This time Serapio repeats the use as well, as does Miller in the 18th century alongside rheumatism, for which conditions a diet drink of betony, wood sage (the hepatotoxic Teucrium scorodonia) and ground-pine Ajuga chamaepitys was recommended. Galen states that betony cleanses the lungs and Serapio repeats this, adding a strengthening action. Medical Information Search. It is invasive in parts of North America. Musa proposes betony for the treatment of intermittent malarial fevers and continual fevers, but Dioscorides makes no such proposal nor that of the plant bruised with salt and placed in the nostrils for nosebleed. Naringin was present in relatively high concentrations together with several flavone derivatives, as was also found in other studies (El-Hilaly and Lyoussi, 2002; Hsieh et al., 2014). crenata Hochst. The nodes of the stolons are also very short, which creates very dense colonies ideal for preventing weeds from growing up through the plants. Ajuga remota in particular is traditionally used as a herbal remedy for fever and infections, and is prescribed for malaria by 66% of the Kenyan herbalists. What are synonyms for ajugas? ajuga. Define genus Ajuga. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Cufod. Finally, there is a range of external uses to which betony has been put. They have been isolated from various genera belonging to different families of plants especially Polyalthia, Acritopappus, Premna, Clerodendron, Ajuga, Teucrium, Salvia, Croton, and Bacchari [226–228]. My herbal backyard system. In Scutellaria, jodrellin B (occurring in S. albida, S. galericulata, S. grossa, S. polyodon, and S. woronowii) and scutecyprol B (found in S. columnae, S. cypria, S. grossa, and S. rubicunda) exhibit the highest antifeedant index against S. littoralis.60,61 From Ajuga pseudoiva leaves, 14,15-dihydro-ajugapitin displayed the highest activity.62 Furthermore, the genus Teucrium is one of the richest sources of clerodane diterpenes.63. was tested in alloxan rat models (150 mg/kg BW) (Chabane et al., 2013). Azucena Gonzalez-Coloma, ... Braulio M. Fraga, in Comprehensive Natural Products II, 2010, Clerodane diterpenoids have been found in hundreds of plant species from a number of different families. Its two known isolates ajugarin-1 and ergosterol-5,8-endoperoxide and a new isolate 8-O-acetylharpagide were evaluated for their in vitro antiplasmodial activity. crenata (Hochst. Using the antifeedant index (AI = [(C − T)/(C + T)]% where C and T are the weight of the control and test disks eaten, respectively), at 100 ppm Jodrellin B had an AI of 100, Jodrellin A had an AI of 92, and clerodin had an AI of 74. The flowers are arranged in false whorls on the stem apexes. However, their availability is a problem that would need to be addressed prior to potential exploitation (Table 4). A large number of compounds have already been isolated from A. remota, including ergosterol-5,8-endoperoxide (6), ajugarin-I (1), 8-O-acetylharpagide (5) and several phytoecdysteroids. Ajuga means without yoke and reptans means creeping. extracts induced significant decrease in glycaemia compared to glibenclamide (94.80 ± 1.32 vs.120.67 ± 1.21 mg/dL), total lipids, triglycerides and total cholesterol at the dose of 300 mg/kg with a remarkable increase in weight compared to the untreated diabetic rats. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124059276000011, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978032302998850024X, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080453828000745, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080912837000539, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123983732000029, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443103445000343, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874120300283, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711311003308, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0223523417307341, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874118325017, Monoterpenes and Related Compounds from the Medicinal Plants of Africa, Michel Kenne Tchimene, ... Victor Kuete, in, Veterinary Herbal Medicine: A Systems-Based Approach, Development & Modification of Bioactivity, Azucena Gonzalez-Coloma, ... Braulio M. Fraga, in, Miscellaneous Natural Products Including Marine Natural Products, Pheromones, Plant Hormones, and Aspects of Ecology, Lead Compounds from Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Graeme Tobyn BA FHEA FNIMH, ... Margaret Whitelegg BA PhD FNIMH, in, Ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Ajuga iva (L.,) schreb, Abdelhakim Bouyahya, ... Imane Chamkhi, in, Ajuga remota Benth. Pronunciation of Ajuga reptans with 1 audio pronunciation, 2 synonyms, 2 meanings, 3 translations, 1 sentence and more for Ajuga reptans. The structural similarity with statin like lovastatin allowed the comparison, and suggested that 40 might act through inhibition of HMGR as statins. Revealing the acute and chronic toxicity of any medicinal plant is essential to promote the therapeutic use of the plant. ‘During the autumn, the foliage of tricolour sage and ajuga becomes burnished with bronze, plum, and garnet.’ ‘Other options include ajuga and low-growing herbs such as thyme.’ ‘They left wide strips between large slabs of Arizona flagstone for planting, and filled the spaces with giant ajuga and Lamium maculatum ‘White Nancy’.’ Ajugarins II (180) (0.002%) and III (181) (0.001%) were less active, while ajugarins IV (182) and V (183) were inactive. Bugleweed is a fast-growing ground cover, an evergreen perennial that usually creeps within just a few inches of the ground (the species name, reptans, means \"creeping\"). The genus of Ajuga belongs to the family Lamiaceae and contains at least 301 species. In the current review, we summarized A. iva botanical description, taxonomy, geographical distribution, traditional uses, phytochemical components, and biological properties. (2.4)., deoxygedunin from Azadirachta indica A. Juss. ajuga remota - ትርጉም Toggle navigation አቢሲኒካ መዝገበ ቃላት Definition of ajuga remota is አቆራራጭ፣ አርማጉሳ. Insecticidal diterpenes for the period 2006–08 (in part), E. David Morgan, Ian D. Wilson, in Comprehensive Natural Products Chemistry, 1999, Biological activity has been reported for only a small number of clerodanes, but it has been pointed out332 that few of those tested have been found inactive. Whorls of tiny, blue-violet flowers appear in mid to late spring on spikes rising above the foliage to 10\". Biologically active clerodanes were reviewed in 1986, and bioassay results tabulated.336 Unfortunately, the species used, the use of choice or no-choice tests, and the way concentrations and results are expressed makes it very difficult to make close comparisons. 2007). In vitro and in vivo pharmacological investigations indicated the potential activity of A. iva extracts and essential oils as antidiabetic, anti-hypercholesterolemic, antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, insecticide, and litholytic agents (Bouderbala et al., 2008; Boudjelal et al., 2015; Chouitah et al., 2017; Mouheb et al., 2018). Indeed, if this is drunk beforehand, it will protect against harm from ingesting a deadly poison. (2.2), spirafolide from Laurus nobilis L. (2.2), tanshinone IIA from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (2.3), asiatic acid from Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. None of these points is listed in the Old English Herbarium. Synonym(s) Heterotypic =Ajuga bracteosa var. ex Vatke) Chiov. canescens (Benth.) Also, its absolute stereochemistry was established as 5R, 8R, 9R, 10R at four stereo-centers. Treatment and control of malaria have become more difficult with the spread of drug-resistant parasites and insecticide-resistant mosquito vectors. Ajuga remota Benth. Five groups of female rats were used, group 1: negative control group: received distilled water, positive control group: received saline solution of diabenil (200 mg/kg), treated groups: received the aqueous extract of Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. Nawel Hamza, ... Nicholas Moore, in Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2019. This lower activity of compounds with CO compared with CH2OH seems to be fairly common among the diterpenes. The major phytoecdysteroid is 20-hydroxyecdysone (4), which is also the active moulting hormone of insects (Israili and Lyoussi 2009; Ramazanov 2005; Rharrabe et al. Tables of 1H and 13C NMR data on a large number of clerodanes are recorded, together with mass spectral data,341 nuclear Overhauser effects, and crystallographic data.342,343, The chlorinated clerodanes tafricanins A (187) and B (188) were isolated from Teucrium africanum (Labiatae), and their structures determined by X-ray methods.344 Tafricanin B is as active as clerodin against Locusta, but tafricanin A is only weakly active. crenata Hochst. The record derives from WCSP (data supplied on 2012-03-23 ) which reports it as a synonym (record 5380) with original publication details: Pl. =Ajuga remota var. Wood alone among the modern authors also mentions a lower respiratory condition treatable with betony, namely bronchitis. It is also used for other indications, such as vasorelaxant (El-Hilaly et al., 2004), hypolipidemic (El-Hilaly et al., 2006), and anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antimicrobial, antifebrile, anthelmintic and antifeedant (Bondi et al., 2000). ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève. Authors: Sharma, Preeti Mohan, Lalit Srivastava, C N: Issue Date: 4-Sep-2004: Citation: Sharma P, Mohan L, Srivastava CN. Many of these plants have been used in traditional medicine. Examples of neuroprotective terpenes from medicinal plants are thymoquinone from Monarda didyma L. (2.1), bilobalide from Ginkgo biloba L. (2.2), isoatriplicolide tiglate from Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Web. Diterpene 40 reduced expression levels of GLUT4, PPARγ and C/EBPα and also reduced Akt/mTOR phosphorylation thereby strongly inhibited the factors responsible for early differentiation of adipocytes. It appears only in those authors drawing from Musa, here Dalechamps, Bauhin, the Old English Herbarium, the Salernitan herbal and Parkinson, who sources Bauhin. canescens (Benth.)Engl. (2.4). However, to the best of our knowledge, these studies did not report the molecular targets implicated in A. iva pharmacological effects. Grieve also lists rheumatism, attributing an alterative action to betony, and her indication is repeated by Priest & Priest, Bartram, Menzies-Trull and Wood. However, several insect species remain unaffected by ecdysteroids present in their food even at high concentrations. Compounds from Plocamium suhrii were tested for their in vitro antiproliferative effects against WHCO1 esophageal cancer cells using the MTT assay. The FlexX docking scores were found to be better than lovastatin showing that binding interaction of its conformations with the protein residues were superior to lovastatin [247]. was confirmed in alloxan (150 mg/kg BW) rat model of diabetes also by (Boudjelal et al., 2015). Its two known isolates ajugarin-1 and ergosterol-5,8-endoperoxide and a new isolate 8- O -acetylharpagide were evaluated for their in vitro antiplasmodial activity. These may have some relevance to the differential diagnosis and treatment of head pain and sinusitis. The corolla may be dark blue, light blue, purple, or yellow and has a very short upper lip. can be used not only in the treatment of diabetes but also in the prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia. A. iva is distributed in the North African and South European countries (Israili and Lyoussi, 2009). Ajuga remota is the most frequently used medicinal herb for malaria treatment in Kenya. In this state-of-the-art review, A. remota as a possible therapeutic tool for malaria is discussed. Later, it has been frequently reported from the genus Polyalthia and also from other plant sources [230–234]. However, its use has not been scientifically validated. It significantly lowered plasma levels of TG by 45%, TC by 41% and glycerol by 37%, accompanied by increase in HDL-C/TC ratio by 48% at the dose of 25 mg/kg body-wt of hamster. Copyright © 2011 Published by Elsevier GmbH, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2011.08.063. It counters poison and the bites of snakes or any poisonous or rabid animal, when not only taken internally but also applied externally on a plaster. Cornutin A was slightly more active.347 Kolavenol (191), originally from Melompodium divaricatum, but found in many other sources, is very weakly active against feeding (5500 ppm gave a reduction to one-third pick-up in the test above) by another leaf-cutting ant, Atta cepholotes, but is not toxic to them or their mutualistic fungus.348,349 The four compounds (192)–(195) from Detarium microcarpum are claimed to show strong antifeedant activity at 1% against the termite Reticulitermes speratus in a paper disk assay.350 Activity may not be high, but antifeedancy against termites is interesting. Menzies-Trull wants it prescribed with skullcap Scutellaria lateriflora and black cohosh Cimicifuga racemosa diterpenoids... 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